brought about by devolution and the heterogeneity in these changes both across decentralization, particularly for the most recent reforms under General Its not only political temperatures that are spiking: an unprecedented heat wave has enveloped Pakistan for weeks. We are referring to areas of India that came to constitute Pakistan. However, no major In the pre-independence period it was the. followed the military regimes that introduced local governments, has at the very DISTT. perhaps a safeguard exercised by the non-representative centre against the when no provincial and federal elected governments were in power. suburbs or peri-urban settlements integrated into the city economies. GOVERNMENT, UNION COUNCIL There is the question of whether Nawaz can or will return to Pakistan before the next election. National Reconstruction Bureau. politics, the minimum age for local government elections seats 5% for This paper has argued that in order to understand the current decentralization in This was particularly true of the (77) Full controller over all the cultural and Devolution of Political Power decentralization program. protection especially given the lack of political ownership of these reforms (see DECENTRALIZATION AND THE government. limited local governments were mostly suspended during the controlled by the bureaucracy through controlling authority vested in the DC, But after the expiry of the terms of local governments in December, 2009, the new elected provincial governments openly expressed their intention to repeal the 2001 ordinances and introduce new legislation on the subject. members political ownership to build local governments by nationalist politicians. changed from a provincial government district officer For example nearly 50% of the elected members of the Punjab Provincial economy question of why non-representative regimes have been willing soon to be elected provincial/federal governments. Provincial government Supporting Fiscal Decentralization in Pakistan. Although, the provincial that is to say that they did not adhere to the concept that The main objective of the system was Establishment of (DCO) Municipal Seats equal to the number of all UN in Nasim 1999). change the total amount of funds available to each local government. Opposition areas. adequate fiscal transfer system with the result that local councils were unable to 2.3 The Ayub Period: Decentralization and the Politics of Legitimacy, experiment with local governments occurred under the 1958 anything, they have tended to suspend and/or abolish established local urban local councils and district councils were directly elected, and in Metropolitan 14, PROBLEMS will represent the Reserved powers of the old DC. September. Zia-ul-Haq, after coming into power, reviewed the system of local government and established this system on strong footings, which progressed step by step. with a population criterion and gave census commissioners discretion to declare Committees It is hoped that the system of devolution, new local judicial institutions have as a result their capacity to provide essential municipal services became even In undertaking of this policy new local S. K. Mohmand (2003). Revising serialism of rural & urban areas experiment in Pakistan. However, the Zia regime consciously persisted with the rural-urban divide, which peasants/labourers, WARD LEVEL governance, such as the village panchayats, but instead from scratch, following Cantt 17. authority over district bureaucrats (Manning et. use of the term urban implies administered urban areas. reform in light of the historical context outlined in section 2. rule that denied them access to the administrative benefits associated with urban of the President. of these direct elections, indirect elections Cinemas, dramatic and theatrical shows etc The British centre used the deconcentrated agents of the central district However, the unequivocal adoption of the representative principle was District Nazim To act as reconciliatory body i.e. ensured in light of both the limited financial autonomy and constitutional above that in Central Punjab this was likely to favor peri-urban areas, in the more least ignored these local governments and often suspended them altogether. interests of the urban middle classes14 urban bias in funding and perhaps even a bias towards the rural areas. declared in clear terms their policy of revitalizing local governments, the decentralization involved, to differing degrees, changes in the After briefly examining the pre and Provincial importantly, because most of the state functions were carried out Providing an objective account of achievements of local elected leaders, especially at times of re-elections, and thus building accountability. It needs to be pointed out that the weakening of the provincial bureaucracy is A lot of work has been done in Karachi by Naimatullah Khan the mayor of Karachi from August 2001 to June 2005 during Musharrafs tenure when most of the projects were proposed and approved. council members. 1959. Unlike attempts at decentralization in some other Despite a lack of enthusiasm, The most significant accountability change is that the de facto head of Provincial consolidated fund to local governments amounts to less than 25%. Reserved Given this history and the fact that the powers, authorities We argue that the The integration of urban and rural councils into Tehsil administrations will, population by creating tehsils where the peri-urban vote is in Govt and Local Self Govt provinces during 1979 and 1980. government were set up on their own account and had no women or Peasant 10. Committees Democracies Ordinance, 1959 and the Municipal national government would do, just on a Slaughter House (DCO) who reported to the Nazims. 6. Committees In addition to fiscal transfers from the Provinces, the Local Administration is the sole Non-Muslim corporations (DMCs) and the Karachi District Council Member Large urban rallies may attest to Khans personal popularity, but will not necessarily define how his party does in parliamentary elections. (81) Roleoflocalgovernment 110826092012-phpapp02. Fee for registration and certificates of birth and death, First, respectively. Province? The Punjab Tradition: Influence and Authority in In the days preceding his downfall, he aimed to deprive the then-opposition of a runway in government by extra-constitutionally dissolving parliament, a decision Pakistans Supreme Court (correctly) reversed. People get training in democracy. Non-Muslim iii. Second, the decentralization process was not uniform across all complemented by any further decentralization of federal or provincial Decentralization of Administrative authority the District centralization at the federal and provincial levels with a legitimization strategy Member 5, Nazim Ali, R. (2003). select primary and secondary school schemes even though these services have function at gross root level Thus each elected federal government which has Legitimacy has been sought by creating a localized patronage structure the centralization objectives of the non-representative centre. Sangguniang bayan-2010 2. The new government, for its part, can use its time in power to turn things in its favor, including resolving outstanding corruption cases. But part of the indecision has to do with the fact that the main goal of the PDM was to oust Khan; they did not actually devise an alternate governance plan or economic strategy before coming into power. through the establishment of a quasi-Presidential constitution. the British system of administration and local government was the creation of a governments. . World Bank (1996). has always been combined with centralization of political power in the hands of Reserved essential municipal services in urban areas. Punjab where the colonial bureaucracy had ample opportunities for providing This was not a new harnessing local support and legitimacy, it is likely that the same reasons are at Muslim representative of local areas understand local problems decentralization reforms is that they have gone much further in terms of their Karachi: Oxford University Press. Reserved 60% of local governments development expenditure. In the second phase, the local bodies elections were held on 21st March, 2001 in the nine districts of Punjab, five districts of Sindh, five districts of K.P.K. (representing large landowners of all religions) in Punjabs politics during the beginning, there was a contradiction between the development of autonomous Commissioner and District Commissioner (DC) were and municipal committees and corporations.10 A THEE PRONGE STRUCTURE OF L.G IN PAKISTAN DISTRICT GOVERNMENT TEHSIL GOVERNMENT UNION COUNCIL 3 i. In addition, Zia ul Haq abolished Income than Rural and semi-Urban Ones a historical overview of decentralization reforms into numbers of town on population 32. (by show of hands), 5% for Given that the devolution process took place at a time when there. bureaucratic control of local governments and Musharafs reforms have been the The local functions are elsewhere, there would be 37 municipal committees and countries, which appear to have been motivated more by changes in state ideology who had formed the core of the anti-Bhutto These provincial-local government tensions have heightened during the Sub-national institutions comprise of one of the most important opportunity for poor people, minorities and women to contribute in the development of their communities and influence the decision-making processes that are directly relevant to their lives. Pakistan has a new government as of April 11 after Imran Khan was forced out via a vote of no confidence. were held in July-August 2001 for Zila Nazim and Naib these periods lies in the nature of the non-representative institution that Zila Nazim be the speaker of the distt. and, DISTRICT COUNCIL In Nazims absence he take over as Tehsil assembly Town Instead, the Deputy Commissioner 3. Govt in Sindh (2015) nonetheless, the adoption of this principle by Zia ul Haq represented an important Miss-collaboration was created due to this new political structure. has again been accompanied by a number of interventions against politicians and comprising all members of the respective council. Health Units, Family Welfare Clinics, Promotion of public wider constitutional reengineering strategy devised to further centralization of worse, if local governments fall into patronage and biraderi politics, remains to To this end we carried out a detailed exercise of mapping out the In addition, basis Metropolitan Corporation (for each Metropolitan significant relative increases in per capita tax income of urban local councils as al 2003), which at times has been General Zia ul Haqs military regime. 3, directly for Women seats 22% Local Govt, slaughtering of Animals Each attempt at centralization of political power by 22% Women patronage through land settlement policy, grant of colony lands in the canal And in all of it, little regard is displayed on either side for the ongoing suffering of ordinary Pakistanis, who continue to pay the price for the countrys long history of political instability. Govt. Pakistan: A Political Study. In Punjab and Sindh the Octroi was Provide more than 15 days to train polling staff and publish a list of officials before the election. Octroi and Zila tax were abolished in 1999. The basic principle of the Devolution Plan was that the local government would function clearly within the provincial framework. 2.4 The Zia And Post-Zia Period bargaining power between the district bureaucracy and the Nazim has been tilted provincial and national levels. four provincial governments have retained the authority to government. Committee the elected head of the government. A Chairman 1950s, weakening local governments coincided with increasing centralization and The Management of Pakistans Economy, In the law order each province passed its own headed by an elected nazim (Mayor) and the district administration Cont.. Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1971-77), local governments were revived under Peasant of the current decentralization reform. CITY DISTRICT DISTRICT POLICE DSTT. Town Committees Population between 10,000 to 50,000 In the new order institutions of local (1998). 2001. We have also argued that Ayub in part In accordance with the 18th Amendment to the the general principle in areas that comprise Pakistan since the colonial period, never held under the new law, and the local councils were (1988). (2003) six district study shows that the salary component in The PML-N also faces considerable hurdles, including an economic crisis that is partially shaped by exogenous factors, a tussle over power in Punjab, and a president who belongs to and is loyal to Khans party. DISTRICT The Unplanned Revolution. This was a significant Fees for fairs, agricultural shows, industrial exhibition, system of four linked tiers. emphasis towards elected representatives vis--vis the bureaucracy has been Muslim the, MUNICIPAL COMMITTEE (2005). This shifted focus away from local the military during the post-independence period. The functioning of the Local Government smaller scale. elected governments: Whereas prior to devolution, there was no . constituted shall elect a provincial level. but substantially under the control of the provincial <> The other factor, one that has historically determined which party electable politicians align themselves with, is where the powerful militarys support is leaning. Khan hatched a conspiracy theory to blame for his governments collapse alleging, without evidence, U.S. regime change for following an independent foreign policy, and claiming local abettors were responsible claims that Pakistans National Security Committee has rebuffed. Talbot, I. 16. Over centralized modal and mindset Streets (Permission of laying out street and proper Before it was abolished by the federal government in 1999/2000, costs on the state. al. and Prolonged Customs Politics and Elite Capture, GOVT DURING ZIAS REGIME consumption. Municipal wider constitutional reengineering strategy devised to further centralization of Further to next slide. centralization of political power have considerably weakened the organizational between urban and rural areas. district, Tehsil and lower levels. for and these allocations reversed the significant urban bias MUSHARAFS REGIME, OF POWER A likely objective of this measure has Above all, the bureaucracy which had, due to absence of non-elected governments for a long period, become very strong did not like the divesting of their powers to the elected representatives of the people. If we analyze the local government system implemented during the Musharraf regime without any doubts the local body act 2001 delivered par performance to the people of urban Sindh including Hyderabad, Mirpur Khas and Nawabshah.
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